Formerly Ibrahim Medical College Journal
Affiliations: Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amassoma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amassoma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Affiliations: Bayelsa State Primary Health Care Board, Ministry of Health, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Background and objective: Shisha smoking is associated with multiple health risks, including reproductive disorders. This study investigated the impact of shisha smoking on prostate function and ovarian reserve by measuring serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) levels.
Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed, involving 180 young adults aged 18–35 years. The participants comprised 90 males and 90 females who were randomly selected. They were categorized into three groups: 60 active shisha smokers, 60 secondhand smokers, and 60 non-smokers (30 males and 30 females in each category). Venous blood samples were withdrawn from all participants for the analysis of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. The obtained data were analyzed using the SPSS, with statistical significance p < 0.05.
Results: 17.5% of the 120 shisha smokers (active and secondhand smokers) reported reproductive disorders. The observed conditions included dysmenorrhea (8.3%), abnormal menstrual bleeding (3.3%), amenorrhea (2.5%), and erectile dysfunction (1.7%). Comparison of the AMH levels between shisha smokers and non-smokers showed that the mean anti-mullerian hormone levels were significantly lower (p=0.001) in shisha smokers (2.49 ± 0.52 ng/mL) and secondhand smokers (2.19 ± 0.25ng/mL) compared to non-smokers (2.71 ± 0.29 ng/mL). The mean prostate specific antigen levels were significantly higher in shisha smokers (0.62 ± 0.78 ng/mL) and secondhand smokers (0.69 ± 0.48 ng/mL) compared to non-smokers (0.36 ± 0.45 ng/mL).
Conclusion: Shisha smoking is associated with alterations in serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) and anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in the study population.
July 2026; Vol. 20(2):001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55010/imcjms.20.010
*Correspondence: Onitsha Enebrayi Nelson, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amassoma, Bayelsa State. E-mail: onitshanelson@ndu.edu.ng.
© 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC BY 4.0)
