Abstract

Background and objectives: Recurrent pterygium is an important ocular problem in our country.  There are different modalities of treatment for recurrent pterygium. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of intraoperative mitomycin C along with conjunctival auto graft to prevent recurrence of pterygium.

undefined" http:="" www.imcjms.com="" plugins="" elrte="" images="" pixel.gif"="" title="" rel="media21703129438679736" width="138" height="100" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">Methods: Patients with recurrent pterygium attending a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka from January 2013 to June 2015 were included in the study. Cases were randomized into two groups. Group 1 had pterygium surgery with conjunctival auto graft and Group 2 had auto graft and intraoperative mitomycin C (0.02%). All cases were followed up for one year to assess recurrence of pterygium.

Results: A total of 54 recurrent pterygia cases were included in the study. The age of study population was 25 to 65 years. The recurrence rate of pterygium after 12 months was 77.7% in group 1 and none in group 2. No major postoperative complication was observed.

Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the use of intraoperative mitomycin C along with conjunctival auto graft had significant effect in preventing the recurrence of pterygium.

IMC J Med Sci 2016; 10(2): 49-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v10i2.31110

Address for Correspondence: Dr. Manash Kumar Goswami, Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, BIRDEM General Hospital, 122 Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka. Email: [email protected]

Introduction

Recurrent pterygium is an important ocular disorder. Many medical treatments have been described but surgical excision of the pterygium is the mainstay of treatment.  Numerous surgical techniques like conjunctival auto graft with or without the use of adjuncts like beta irradiation, intra or postoperative mitomycin C or anti neoplastic agents have been described. In the last decade mitomycin C, an antineoplastic agent that selectively inhibits the synthesis of DNA, cellular RNA, and protein [1, 2] has been used in conjunction with surgery in the treatment of  glaucoma filtering procedures and in pterygium surgery. In filtering procedures for glaucoma patients, the rate of bleb failures has decreased and the surgical outcome of previously failed filters has improved by the application of mitomycin C [3, 4].  No ocular surface related complications of mitomycin C in filtering procedures have been reported. Mitomycin C has also been used in pterygium surgery. Postoperative administration of topical 0.02% to 0.1% mitomycin C drops decreased the recurrence rate of pterygium to a range of 2% to 11% [5-8]. However, postoperative complications were reported even when a low dosage of mitomycin was applied [8, 9]. The major reasons for complications were related to uncontrolled and prolonged use of the drug by the patients [9]. A single intra operative application of topical mitomycin C during the excision of pterygium has decreased the recurrence rate of pterygium as well as the rate of complications [10-12]. Conjunctival auto transplantation is a common procedure for primary and recurrent pterygium, with recurrence rates ranging from 2% to 39% [13-18]. Conjunctival auto transplantation combined with adjunctive mitomycin C for primary and recurrent pterygium was reported in two previous studies, with a recurrence rate of 2% to 9% [17, 19, 20].

In the present study, we report our experience on the outcome of recurrent pterygium excision with conjunctival auto grafting combined with intra operative application of mitomycin C.

Material and Methods

Study population and place: The study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), Dhaka from January 2013 to June 2015. Patients with recurrent pterygium aged 25 to 65 years were enrolled in the study. Recurrent pterygium was defined as re-growth of same pterygium after surgical excision with or without graft. Patients with primary pterygia, atypical pterygia, ocular surface disorders and coagulation abnormalities were excluded. Informed consent was obtained from each patient following a detailed explanation of all of the surgical procedures.

Study design: Enrolled patients were equally and randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 underwent pterygium surgery with conjunctival auto graft alone and Group 2 had conjunctival auto graft and intraoperative mitomycin C upon completion of pterygium removal. In this group each case received a single intraoperative dose of mitomycin C (02%). Mitomycin C, soaked in a sterile sponge, was applied for one minute to the sclera bed after removing the pterygium. All the patients were operated by the same surgeon and 10/0 nylon was used to secure the graft. Following the surgery, each patient was treated with topical corticosteroid four times daily for 7 days. Corticosteroid was tapered and discontinued after three months. Topical antibiotics were used until epithelialization of the wound was complete. Patients were examined at day 1, 7, 15, 30, and 90, and then at three-month intervals up to one year. Recurrence was diagnosed when vessels invaded through the limbal area into the clear cornea [21].

Results

A total of 54 cases with recurrent pterygium were included in the study. Each group had 27 patients. Table-1 shows the features of study population. The distribution of male and female in group 1 was 77.8% and 22.2% and in group 2 was 70.4% and 29.6%. Age of the study population ranged between 25 to 65 years and the mean age of the group 1 and 2 cases were 43.4±12.2 and 41.8±11.8 years respectively. The patients were followed for more than one year following surgery. Postoperatively, the conjunctival auto graft had mild to moderate edema, which subsided within the first three to four weeks. In both the mitomycin C treated and non-treated auto grafts, the formation of anastomotic connections in the transplant started between one and two weeks after surgery. Sutures were re-moved after 3 to 4 weeks, when anastomotic vessels were found all around the graft. After one year, pterygium recurred in 21 patient (77.7%) in group 1 and there was no recurrence in group 2 (Table-1).

Table-1: Features of study population and outcome of conjunctival auto graft plus mitomycin C

Group 1= Conjunctival auto graft only;

Group 2= Conjunctival auto graft plus intraoperative mitomycin C.

Discussion

Pterygium surgery has changed over the past decade, and several techniques are now available. Our study presents the efficacy of   intraoperative use of mitomycin C along with conjunctival auto grafting to reduce the recurrence of pterygium with minimal postoperative complications.

In pterygium surgery, daily administration or single intraoperative use of a variety of mitomycin C doses have been reported [5-8, 10-12, 22, 23]. However, the safest dosage of mitomycin C that can prevent the recurrence of pterygium without causing complications is still unknown. Postoperative use of topical mitomycin C is not recommended because of a possible drug misuse, which may cause severe ocular complications such as scleromalacia, corneal perforation, glaucoma, iritis, pain, and punctate keratopathy [6–9]. Single intraoperative use of mitomycin C has been found safer than postoperative topical daily application [10–12, 24].

The recurrence rate of primary and recurrent pterygia treated with mitomycin C was approximately 6.7-22.5% over different period of time, and only mild complications such as superficial punctate keratopathy and mild avascularity of the bare sclera area were observed [25, 26]. A study has recently demonstrated normal sclera thickness and conjunctival epithelial phenotype at the surgical site more than six years after pterygium surgery with mitomycin C [27]. When bare sclera technique is performed in a patient with normal ocular surface, the epithelialization of the wound area is usually completed within 7 to 14 days [10, 11]. Intact epithelium over the operated area is necessary to prevent scleral melting after pterygium surgery when mitomycin C is used. To prevent scleral melting, we kept the conjunctiva overlying the body of the pterygium and sutured it back to the sclera at the end of the procedure.

To avoid severe ocular complications, patients with abnormal ocular surface who were at greater risk for a delay of epithelialization or excessive inflammation, such as patients with immune disorders, blepharitis or dry eyes, were excluded from our studies. Furthermore, postoperatively, we closely observed the patients until the epithelialization of the ocular surface was complete.

In the present study, we found that conjunctival auto graft with single application of intraoperative mitomycin C had no post operative recurrence after 12 months of surgery while the  recurrence rate was 77.7% among the patients where only grafting was performed without mitomycin C. Therefore, conjunctival auto grafting combined with intraoperative application of 0.02% mitomycin C for one minute was more effective than conjunctival auto grafting alone. However, it is important to observe the recurrence rate in recurrent pterygium treated with single application of intraoperative mitomycin C over longer period of time.

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